Morphology

• The material for testing is blood.
• The patient does not need to fast. It is recommended to drink a glass of water approximately 30 minutes before the examination.

Fasting is not required for the test, but eating before the test may affect the results, so it is recommended to perform the test at least two hours after the last meal. Strenuous physical activity is not recommended the day before the test and may also affect the test results.
Other factors that may affect the test results include diet, hyperlipemia in the sample, hydration status, stress, medications: steroids, anticoagulants, growth factors, factors inducing immunohemolytic anemia (e.g., penicillin, methyldopa, quinidine), medications inducing aplastic anemia (e.g., cytostatics, alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antibiotics), drug-induced megaloblastic anemia (e.g., methotrexate, phenytoin), other antibiotics, aspirin.
Recommendation: If possible, the blood test should be performed before taking the morning dose of medications, unless otherwise directed by the physician. If possible, blood sampling should be performed before initiating treatment. After consulting with their physician, the patient should limit their medication intake (except for essential medications) or discontinue medications that may affect the level of the measured component, provided this does not interfere with the therapeutic process. The patient should refrain from using parapharmaceuticals. The patient should inform the sampling staff about any medications they are taking.
Alcohol can also affect test results; alcohol consumption should be avoided for 2-3 days before the scheduled blood draw.

Peripheral blood morphology is a qualitative
and quantitative assessment of blood morphological elements and includes:
– determining the number of morphotic elements, i.e. red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes) and platelets (thrombocytes),
– calculation of color index values.

The red blood cell system includes:
– RBC – the number of red blood cells (erythrocytes). Thanks to the hemoglobin they contain, erythrocytes carry oxygen. Increased RBC counts are called polycythemia (polycythemia, erythrocytosis, polyglobulia), while decreased counts are called anemia.
– HGB – hemoglobin concentration.
– HCT – hematocrit, or the ratio of red blood cell volume to plasma. It is an important parameter that determines blood viscosity.
– MCV – mean corpuscular volume. Depending on the MPV value, red blood cells are divided into: microcytic (MCV below normal), normocytic (MCV within normal), and macrocytic (MCV above normal). The size of the red blood cell provides information about the causes of anemia.
– MCH – mean corpuscular hemoglobin weight.
– MCHC – mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration.
– RWD – a measure of variability in red blood cell size.

The white blood cell system includes:
– WBC – the total number of white blood cells (leukocytes). The function of leukocytes is to protect the body against microorganisms. An increase in WBC count, or leukocytosis, may be caused by physiological factors, such as: in newborns, during pregnancy and the postpartum period, after physical exertion, as a result of stress, pain, overheating, or excessive cooling. A decrease in WBC count is called leukopenia, which may be caused by: viral infections (influenza, measles, rubella, chickenpox), severe bacterial infections (tuberculosis, typhus), systemic connective tissue diseases (collagenous diseases), vitamin B12 deficiency, folic acid deficiency, and drug-induced bone marrow damage.

Under normal conditions, we distinguish 5 types of white blood cells, given as the so-called expanded blood count, i.e. the number of each type of blood cell per unit volume, i.e.:
– neutrophils,
– eosinophils,
– basophils,
– lymphocytes,
– monocytes.

The platelet-forming system includes:
– PLT – platelet count,
– PCT – platelet critical value,
– MPV – mean platelet volume,
– PDV – platelet anisocytosis index, i.e., the percentage of platelets that deviate from the average in volume,
– PLCR – percentage of large platelets.
Factors that may influence test results include:
Physical exercise, diet, hydration, stress, pregnancy, alcohol, and certain medications. Therefore, it is recommended to perform a blood test before taking your morning medication, if possible, unless your doctor recommends otherwise. If possible, blood sampling should occur before initiating treatment. After consulting with your doctor, the patient should limit medication intake (except essential medications) or discontinue medications that may affect the level of the measured component, provided this does not interfere with the therapeutic process, and refrain from using parapharmaceuticals. The patient should inform the sampling staff about any medications they are taking. Strenuous physical activity should be avoided for 24 hours before the scheduled test. A 15-20-minute rest is recommended before blood collection. Before collection, you should eat a light, low-fat diet and ensure adequate hydration. Avoid drinking alcohol for 2-3 days before collection.

Ordering a test means consent to its performance using the following methods: impedance, fluorescence flow cytometry, spectrophotometry, calculation from data obtained from direct measurements, SLS.

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